Saturday, May 23, 2020

How Ethics Affects Business Relationships Within An...

Business ethics, business relationships and leadership make immense contribution towards influencing an organization’s overall existing culture. They all play a key role in an organization s development, success, and achievement through various aspects. There are numerous ways in which business ethics, business relationships, and business leadership affect an organization’s culture. These impacts can have either positive or negative repercussions. Some of the ways through which the business culture is influenced are outlined in the following sections. (a) How ethics affects business relationships within an organization. Ethics and ethical behaviors are the essential parts of healthy management. From a management perspective, behaving ethically is an integral part of long-term career success. Wide access to information and more business opportunities than in the past qualifies ethics as a key necessity in business world. Management ethics is the ethical treatment of employees, stockholders, owners and the public by a company in a fair manner. A company should have commendable ethics in place besides striving to make profits. In other words, employees should be treated well, whether they are employed in their hometown, country or overseas. By being respectful of the environment in the community a company demonstrates exceptional ethics. Excellent record keeping also play a pivotal role since this acts as a respectful gesture towards stakeholders and owners. Furthermore, itShow MoreRelatedBusiness Ethics, Leadership, And Business Rel ationships972 Words   |  4 Pages Business Ethics Samuel .A. Amah Columbia Southern University Abstract The reflection paper critically examines business ethics, leadership, and business relationships and how they are interrelated and contribute to an organization’s overall culture. Key highlights include; the impact of trade relationships within an origination, how different leadership style affect ethical practices, effects of ethics on the overall culture of an organization, writers approach to business ethics andRead MoreThe Ethics And Organizational Communications1448 Words   |  6 Pages The study of Ethics and organizational communications has been an ongoing subject. It has been introduced as a way to be a more effective communicator, especially pertaining to an organization. It is a practical way to improve morale between an employer to his employee as well as a client to an organization. Resolution of ethical behaviors and practices are essential to any organization. The following study of Ethics and organizational communications has been studied and explored by other scholarsRead More The Importance of a Business Plan Essay717 Words   |  3 PagesWhen it comes to starting a business it is important to have Business Plan. The value of a business plan is important in the startup of an organization. The value of proper business plan in an organization can determine if the organization will withstand over of time or for years to come for that matter. In implementing a proper business plan, proper planning in it self is important and valuable to the process. Planning helps in ensuring that the organization can withstand and remain as an essentialRead MoreBusiness Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, Integrity, And Integrity1318 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The success of business now a days is apparent, but recently there is much concern in the business (and in society) literature and in the general press on whether business fulfils its social role responsibly. Business ethics, have been created in recent years as responses to an increasing sense of corporate wrong doing. This essay attempts to discuss what business ethics are for improvement of business behavior to the satisfaction of the â€Å"constituents† of business, i.e. the major stakeholdersRead MoreLeadership Effects On Business Ethics1589 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Effects on Business Ethics Leadership is defined as a person who guides or directs a group of people. Throughout school, students are given the criteria to succeed, and are taught what attributes make a leader successful. But how useful are these tools? Quickly, think about your vision of a leader. What does this person look like? What is their personality? Leaders can have specific skill sets, and behaviors that everyone subconsciously connects with a good leader. All of these questionsRead MoreLeadership Styles And Behaviors That Promote Effective Communications1391 Words   |  6 Pagespursues. Leaders must practice ethical approaches which ultimately reflects the business and the employees. Employees are more likely to be receptive if a leader or employer shares similar interest and values. Conflict arises when efforts clash against one’s morals. It is challenging to get followers to work toward a goal if the team lacks cohesiveness. Morals and values are an association of religious beliefs within an individual culture. Society shares different ways of living along with variousRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Code Of Ethics927 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessional setting, both business and social agencies work within the ethical code that reflect their professional view and role in a society. Most decision making is human services are made based on their own specific ethics (Brody Nair, 2014). Ethics are not simply expectations of leadership, but an essence of leadership because leaders have a responsibility to produce something good or harm, or make a social change (Mann ing, 2003). However, government and business agencies are often in ethicalRead MoreHr Functions and Organizational Ethics1261 Words   |  6 PagesHR Functions and Organizational Ethics HRM/427 Dr. Donovan Lawrence September 5, 2010 Human Resources professionals are responsible for several roles in the workplace, including implementing and managing policies, recruiting and retention, and training and development. The HR department is responsible for making sure that organizations conduct business ethically and that shareholders are treated ethically. The HR department must be able to monitor compliance with federal and stateRead MoreThe Bureaucratic Approaches Of Leadership1525 Words   |  7 Pagesand transformation. â€Å"Ethics is understood as reflecting on and recommending concepts of right and wrong behaviour† (Clegg, Kornberger Pitsis 2011, p. 404). In businesses now days it seems as though the financial aspect and ethical conduct can not be united, therefore, one aspect must be compromised for the other one to be achieved successfully. As a leader in the post-bureaucratic era it is important to find that balance between the financial and ethical aspects of the business. In this essay I willRe ad MoreEthical Lens Essay819 Words   |  4 PagesEthics Essay James Jennings ETH/316 May 17, 2012 Professor Larry Lowry The case of the Mysterious Roses is the responsibility project chosen by me. As the Director of Sales, I am expected to make decisions that will impact the reputation of the company I represent also individual persons within the organization. In the project, I will be required to make several ethical decisions through a practical and repeatable decision model with the desired outcome of understanding how the ethical

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Essay about The Good, Bad, and the Ugly of Plastic Surgery

Plastic surgery is more popular than ever. According to the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS), 43,172 plastic surgery procedures in the UK were carried out in 2012. In general, individuals consider plastic surgery to improve physical features. However, before opting for something as drastic as plastic surgery, people should calculate the pros and cons of it to accurately assess the risks and benefits. Plastic surgery, when performed by an expert surgeon for the right reasons, is the best decision anyone can make. Aesthetic pro of plastic surgery can make people look younger, more attractive, and also re-contouring one’s body. Therefore, plastic surgery can promote happiness, self-esteem, self-confidence. Most†¦show more content†¦Moreover, plastic surgery is an expensive procedure ranging up to $6,000 or more. It can put tremendous financial pressure on patient and their family. While assessing the cost of the surgery, people tend to forget the cost of the postoperative medication. And sometimes, people have to pay for a secondary surgeries because of dissatisfaction with results. Most insurance policies do not pay for elective procedures such as plastic surgery. Other disadvantage of plastic surgery is that it is time-consuming. Patients must plan time off to recuperate enough to return to work and daily activities. Lastly, dead can be caused by plastic surgery. T he bigger the procedure, the higher the risk of complication should be aware of, for instance, infection, hematoma, allergic reactions and many more. Many celebrities have died from plastic surgery like Solange Magnano, Donda West. Though death caused by plastic surgery are rare, the possibility of death cannot be ruled out. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) has reported that within more than 400,000 operations, which performed in accredited facilities, the death rate was 57,000 cases- extremely low. Nevertheless, we can be one of that 57,000 cases. To sum up, plastic surgery is aimed to make humanity look better. Thousands of people have these operations performed each year. However,Show MoreRelatedCosmetic Surgery Is Becoming An Acceptable Solution For Beauty1552 Words   |  7 Pagesalso artificial beauty is mutating the standard prescript and the view of beauty. Elective plastic surgery is becoming an acceptable solution for anyone who would like to improve the appearance. The statistics in Medical News Today showed that â€Å"approximately 65,000 surgical cosmetic procedures were performed in 2008 in the UK - 50% more than 2003.† Additionally, the official statistics of cosmetic surgery in the U.S. was far more popular. In 2007, there were a total of 1,435,444 of surgical cosmeticRead MoreCosmetic Surgery Is Becoming An Acceptable Solution For Beauty1579 Words   |  7 Pagesartificial beauty is mutating the standard prescript and the view of beauty. Elective plastic surgery is becoming an acceptable solution for a nyone who would like to improve their appearance. In a report from Medical News Today, Christian Nordqvist showed that approximately 65,000 surgical cosmetic procedures were performed in 2008 in the UK - 50% more than 2003. Additionally, the official statistics of cosmetic surgery in the U.S. was far more popular. In 2007, there were a total of 1,435,444 surgicalRead MoreCauses of Plastic Surgery Mishaps1658 Words   |  7 Pages1 Causes of Plastic Surgery Mishaps Jill Ayala Eng 101 May 29, 2011 Linda O’Connor 2 Plastic surgery has become an obsession in the United States in the past 10 years. More than 13.1 million procedures were performed in 2010 in the United States, up 2% from 2009 (American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 2010). Today’s society places a great deal of emphasis on physical appearance and people are striving to change their appearance, no matter what the cost. More and more people areRead MoreReality Television Program1229 Words   |  5 Pagessomething is popular does not make it good. Reality television is mostly vain or people exploiting themselves in a competition for money. Not anyone can disagree that reality television has impacted on how people see themselves. People want to be like actors. Our society will wear makeup, go on drastic diets, and even go as far as plastic surgery just to be like actors. In the article â€Å"The Influence of Plastic Surgery â€Å"Reality Television† on Cosmetic Surgery Patient Expectations and Decision Making†Read MoreThe Picture of Beauty has Brainwashed Everyone1229 Words   |  5 Pagessociety the picture of beauty is taking over everybody brain, its brain washing everyone. New models, style look and haircuts are up there every day making everyone go insane to try them out. Some people would look nice in them and the others will look bad which going to cause a disaster. Some teenagers these days are always trying to seek out the beauty inside them and the disaster is if it didn’t work, it would make the person paranoid. Even the little kids have some special toys called Barbie or babyRead MorePl astic Surgery1709 Words   |  7 PagesPlastic Surgery: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly More than ever, millions of young adolescents are seeking out plastic surgery because the influence of the media. Teenagers are finding more imperfections with their body and are less and less satisfied with their appearance. President Scott Spear, MD, chief of plastic surgery says, Theres a common belief among the public that a large percentage of young adults and teens are having cosmetic surgery (Obesity, Fitness Wellness Week). DespiteRead MorePersuasive Essay On Beauty1658 Words   |  7 Pagesit? Plastic surgery has been gaining popularity and cultural support for decades now, even though there is substantial evidence to suggest that such procedures are dangerous and can lead to early death. For some, this risk is justified due to their unquenchable desire to become more beautiful. Pressure is too immense on the average American woman to remain beautiful as they age, and as a result, they feel compelled to turn to unorthodox solutions. Regardless of the outcomes of the surg eries, evenRead MoreCosmetic Surgery: A Quick Fix? Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pages What was once a surgery performed primarily to restore, is now used to enhance a person’s face and body. Cosmetic surgery, which is said to have been â€Å"used more than 4,000 years ago to treat facial injuries† (Fresh Faces) is now considered a common activity among any kind of person. This surgery first gained popularity in the 1910’s after World War I, among soldiers with shattered war faces in need of repair. Later, it became a popular trend among women, who were mostly from high-classRead MoreCosmetic Surgery And Beauty Standards1314 Words   |  6 PagesCosmetic Surgery and Beauty Standards In today’s society, beauty is based on media and what is called a beauty guru. It’s not just what one believes anymore, but what the media portrays. A big beauty influence in today’s media is Kylie Jenner. Not only confessing to having lip fillers, but also launching her makeup brand. The price to pay is steep for those who don’t have the money, but those who can afford it sometimes don’t achieve the look expected. There are those who are born with all the attributesRead MoreThe Media And Its Effects On Young Girls And Women1673 Words   |  7 Pagesstop and stare at her and then discuss about her perfect her body is. Not knowing in the next five minutes they’ll be comparing their bodies to the model and feeling bad about themselves wishing that they had her body. Not to mention, that the photo may be photoshopped to make it seem as her body is perfect, or she had plastic surgery to fit the idea of having the perfect body. The fact that the media thinks they’re encouraging young girls and women to embrace their beauty, they’re influencing them

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Wheelchair Experiement Free Essays

The Wheelchair Experiment Why do people feel that it is acceptable to judge others? Why is it so difficult to lend a helping hand? During my brief time in a wheelchair, I discovered that hate and judgment towards individuals with disabilities still exists. For this project, I visited a local Target location and used a motorized wheelchair to navigate around the store. Through my time in a wheelchair, I discovered how difficult life could be if I were dependent on a wheelchair. We will write a custom essay sample on Wheelchair Experiement or any similar topic only for you Order Now As an able bodied adult, I did not like being immobile. My new found immobility left me feeling judged and alone in the world. At the age of twenty-four years old, I have never felt more judgment in my entire life than I did while I was in Target. I got many glances from children, and some adults glared at me as though it was my fault that I was in a wheelchair. I completely understood the daily challenges that go along with being disabled. Simple tasks like going to the restroom, trying on clothes, and reaching the top shelf for items became stressful and tiring. These tasks were made even more difficult when able bodied adults were not willing to assist me. Within the first thirty minutes, I had attempted to use the restroom and the fitting rooms. These were probably the most difficult tasks I attempted. While trying to get into the restroom, I noticed an employee laughing at me. Once he realized that I noticed him, he immediately stopped. Because the employee made me feel ridiculed, I left the area and did not go back. Shortly after the restroom incident, I attempted to use one of the fitting rooms. While attempting to use the fitting room, I noticed that the employee at the counter was not very helpful. She was not willing to remove carts that were obstructing the pathway. The fitting rooms clearly have handicap access, but because of the employee’s unwillingness to assist me I was unable to take advantage of these facilities. The situation left me feeling so uncomfortable, that I gave her the clothes in my cart and went to another part of the store to continue my shopping. During my final thirty minutes in the store, I noticed a couple that kept howing up on the same aisles as me. The couple consisted of a man and a woman who was using crutches to maneuver around the store. Because the woman was on crutches, I assumed that they would be understanding and helpful to someone else who also had a handicap. I noticed that the man willingly assisted the woman whenever she needed help, but he would photograph me struggling to reach an item on the top shelf. His actions left me feeling confused, helpless, and embarrassed about being in a wheelchair. As my journey through Target was coming to a close, I had lost hope that genuinely nice people still existed, until two employees proved me wrong. As I approached the register and checked out, the cashier assisted me by removing the items from my cart. After I checked out and paid, she graciously placed the purchased items back into my cart. Immediately after I checked out, a security guard approached me and asked if I needed any assistance. The security guard walked me to my car and helped load my purchases into my car. Before this experiment, I did not recognize how mean and heartless individuals could be to someone with a disability or handicap. This experiment has taught me to always help others. Regardless of how someone physically appears, everyone is the same on the inside. Everyone has a heart and emotions, and both can easily be destroyed by another’s inconsiderate actions. Because of what I have learned through this assignment, I will always try to lend a helping hand to those in need. How to cite Wheelchair Experiement, Essay examples Wheelchair Experiement Free Essays The Wheelchair Experiment Why do people feel that it is acceptable to judge others? Why is it so difficult to lend a helping hand? During my brief time in a wheelchair, I discovered that hate and judgment towards individuals with disabilities still exists. For this project, I visited a local Target location and used a motorized wheelchair to navigate around the store. Through my time in a wheelchair, I discovered how difficult life could be if I were dependent on a wheelchair. We will write a custom essay sample on Wheelchair Experiement or any similar topic only for you Order Now As an able bodied adult, I did not like being immobile. My new found immobility left me feeling judged and alone in the world. At the age of twenty-four years old, I have never felt more judgment in my entire life than I did while I was in Target. I got many glances from children, and some adults glared at me as though it was my fault that I was in a wheelchair. I completely understood the daily challenges that go along with being disabled. Simple tasks like going to the restroom, trying on clothes, and reaching the top shelf for items became stressful and tiring. These tasks were made even more difficult when able bodied adults were not willing to assist me. Within the first thirty minutes, I had attempted to use the restroom and the fitting rooms. These were probably the most difficult tasks I attempted. While trying to get into the restroom, I noticed an employee laughing at me. Once he realized that I noticed him, he immediately stopped. Because the employee made me feel ridiculed, I left the area and did not go back. Shortly after the restroom incident, I attempted to use one of the fitting rooms. While attempting to use the fitting room, I noticed that the employee at the counter was not very helpful. She was not willing to remove carts that were obstructing the pathway. The fitting rooms clearly have handicap access, but because of the employee’s unwillingness to assist me I was unable to take advantage of these facilities. The situation left me feeling so uncomfortable, that I gave her the clothes in my cart and went to another part of the store to continue my shopping. During my final thirty minutes in the store, I noticed a couple that kept howing up on the same aisles as me. The couple consisted of a man and a woman who was using crutches to maneuver around the store. Because the woman was on crutches, I assumed that they would be understanding and helpful to someone else who also had a handicap. I noticed that the man willingly assisted the woman whenever she needed help, but he would photograph me struggling to reach an item on the top shelf. His actions left me feeling confused, helpless, and embarrassed about being in a wheelchair. As my journey through Target was coming to a close, I had lost hope that genuinely nice people still existed, until two employees proved me wrong. As I approached the register and checked out, the cashier assisted me by removing the items from my cart. After I checked out and paid, she graciously placed the purchased items back into my cart. Immediately after I checked out, a security guard approached me and asked if I needed any assistance. The security guard walked me to my car and helped load my purchases into my car. Before this experiment, I did not recognize how mean and heartless individuals could be to someone with a disability or handicap. This experiment has taught me to always help others. Regardless of how someone physically appears, everyone is the same on the inside. Everyone has a heart and emotions, and both can easily be destroyed by another’s inconsiderate actions. Because of what I have learned through this assignment, I will always try to lend a helping hand to those in need. How to cite Wheelchair Experiement, Papers

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Ethical Principles of the Global Business Standards Codex Footwear Bu

Question: Evaluate Business Conduct in the Clothing, Textile and Footwear Industries using three Ethical Principles of the Global Business Standards Codex. Answer: Introduction The textile and footwear business environment has become competitive making many businesses to develop new strategies to match competition from other. Many companies in this field are diversifying their business activities to developing countries to take advantage of business opportunities like low labour costs (Chan, 2004, p. 630). Anika Bardeki Cory (2012, P. 11) state that the fashion industry through global expansions and international penetration presents ethical challenges in the industry that casues many firms to neglect the principles. The industry presents sweatshops that are being delocalised to developing countries since they offer low-cost labour and less stringent standards. These multinational corporations are abusing the ethical rights that the populations and workers of these regions have. The business world has undergone transformation with organizations being forced to adhere to ethical principles of the Global Business Standards Codex. The rise of human rights and civil society groups has forced many industries to find ways of observing the standard Codex (Clarke, 2006, p. 350). This paper examines the conduct in the clothing, textile and footwear industries using the three ethical principles standard codex. The paper further analyses how business strategies like global and international expansion of business operations may compromise the standard codex. The principles that will be discuss the dignity principle, fairness and the principle of transparency (Snyder 2010, P. 194). The principles will be discussed starting with the dignity principle, transparency principle and lastly the fairness principle. The principle of dignity emphasizes the need to respect the individual through upholding high dignity levels and treating employees like any other human being. It requires individuals to be treated equally and through being given freedom to associate the way they want and express themselves in any manner that is deemed appropriate. Jones Dong (2012, P.11) argues that the ILO and WHO have established standards that the industry should observe in their day to day activities. The textile and footwear industry is not supposed to employ minors while at the same time minimum work conditions should be in place to ensure that employees working conditions are good. Employees are also required to join unions that will champion for the protection of their rights. Many companies within the textile and footwear industry have embraced dignity through observing the required conditions like allowing employees to join unions, not employing minors and respecting all employees. Many companies have emb raced standard conditions like giving maternity leave to female employees, sick leave and other conditions. However, Crinis, (2010, P. 562) states that failure by some countries like Malaysia to enforce minimum wage and strong worker-protection laws have made companies fail to uphold employee dignity. Anti-sweatshop is one of the movements in history of workers that have shown that garment and footwear industries have humiliated some workers. Clarke ( 2006, P. 351) furthers adds that many companies in the industry violate the dignity code through worker discrimination and subjecting employees to overtime without pay. The transparency principle requires truthfulness, disclosure, and objectivity. For a very long time we have seen in news companies being forced to be transparent in all their activities. It has been argued that corporate social responsibility is a way that ensures the workers and retailers in the business are not exploited (Chan, 2004, P. 632). Many companies within the footwear and clothing industry have embraced transparency through a transparent corporate responsibility. Many have disclosed the corporate responsibility areas that they engage in. The footwear and clothing value chain has been hijacked by cartels that have compromised business. On the other hand, Crinis (2010, p. 596) argues that managers have developed strategies that can be used to evade audit queries through running parallel records, one which is fake and another one is original. The fake list is used to exploit workers and is never publicized. Institutionalization of system weaknesses extends to trade unions whe re cartels have been formed for individual benefits. These cartels exist in corporations, trade unions and even government institutions. They have ways of violating codes and ensuring that the system of justice cannot prevail. Jones (2012, P. 21), further argue that factories use numbers rather than company names in their audit reports. Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production (WRAP) and Social Accountability, SA8000 suggest that factory names are not disclosed thus the pubic fails to understand the particular company that has ethical issues. The fairness principle is based on all processes being fair; the industry should, therefore, be far when handling customers, workers and other competitors. Fairness and unfairness are defined by proper benefits or exploitation. Valdman (2008, P.556) argues that the clothing and footwear industry has exploited the worker and the farmer supplier through unbalanced relationships. Famers and workers are cheaply paid for expensive end products while the amount that they benefit from the project cannot be measured. Relationships are defined as unfair if the benefits in the industry are not equally distributed. Sweatshops are the best definition of exploitation and unfairness. Others argue that natural justice cannot allow all groups to be advantaged, a justification that makes sweatshops real. Fairness is thus applied in different levels of exploitation that include; exploitation of communities, exploitation of suppliers, exploitation of customers exploitation of employees (Crinis 2010, P. 601). These exploitations reveal the limits of corporate social responsibility and how it has failed to achieve fairness for all players in the system. Benefits keep increasing up the value chain while the people who play bigger roles in the value chain are exploited. This means that fairness principle can be achieved through cooperation by all players at both the macro and micro levels (Clarke, 2006, P. 345). Exploitation takes many forms and can be achieved at different levels. Therefore the need to define exploitation through determining the counts that can be used to determine it is the best way to achieve fairness. Many companies have been rushing to establish companies in developing countries due to the availability of cheap labour. Indeed the labour is not cheap but rather cheapness is a capitalistic definition of the labour cost in developing countries. Many clothing production suppliers are not integrated with brand retailers thus this makes suppliers in countries that fall in the South vulnerable to the retailers (Chan 2004, P. 632). This means that middle tier suppliers hinder fairness since they exploit the farmer and at the same time swindle MNCs. The supply chains that form the relationships that exist in industry are not simplified to the level that every party knows the rights that they have and is thus able to judge whether fairness has been achieved or not. Strikes by workers in different countries like Malaysia and Vietnam indicate that the codes have been compromised in one way or the other to exploit the worker in the value chain (Clarke 2006, P. 349). The ethical principles of the Global Business Standards Codex are used o regulate and set standards within the textile and footwear industry to ensure fair play. The rise of sweatshops was to criticise the abuse and violation of standard conditions within the clothing and textile industry. According to Anika, Bardeki Cory Seacy (2012, p. 19) there are many violations within the footwear and clothing industries that do not comply with the ethical principles of the Global Business Standards Codex. From the analysis in the previous chapters many companies in the clothing and footwear industry are violating the ethical principles of the Global Business Standards Codex. However through relevant bodies like Unions and respective government labour departments. The ethical principles of the Global Business Standards Codex have been enforced within the industry and thus improve the conditions within the value chain. References Anika K., Bardeki. M. . Cory S., 2012. Envirnmetal impacts in the fashion industry. s.l.:Ryerson University. Chan, A. a. W. h., 2004. The impact of the state on workers conditions: comparing Taiwanese factories in China and Vietnam.. Pacific Affairs, p. 77(4): 629646.. Clarke, S., 2006. The changing character of strikes in Vietnam.. Post-Communist Economies, p. 18(3):345361.. Crinis, V., 2010.. Sweat or No Sweat: Foreign Workers in the Garment Industry in Malaysia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, p. 40(4)589611. Jones B. Dong H., 2012. Why do corporate codes of conduct fail? Women workers and clothing supply chains in Vietnam. Global Social Policy, p. 12: 67. Snyder, J., 2010. Exploitation and Sweatshop Labor:Perspectives and Issues. Business Ethics Quarterly, pp. 20:2,187-213. Valdman, M., 2008. Exploitation and Injustice. Social Theory and Practice, pp. 34(4): 551-72.